This photo provided by the Rev. TK Nakagaki in November 2022 shows the Zenko-jo Buddhist temple in Nagano, Japan, founded in 642 AD, Japan's first Buddhist temple. The swastika symbol is found in the temple's banners, paper lanterns, pillars, roof tiles and in the main shrine alongside the temple crest design of the hollyhock flower. [The Rev. TK Nakagaki via AP]
For her grandparents and the elderly survivors she serves, Wernick said, the symbol is the physical representation of the horrors they experienced.
"I recognize the swastika as a symbol of hate."
New York-based Steven Heller, a design historian and author of "Swastika: Symbol Beyond Redemption?", said the swastika is "a charged symbol for so many whose loved ones were criminally and brutally murdered." Heller's great-grandfather perished during the Holocaust.
"A rose by any other name is a rose," he said. "In the end, it's how a symbol affects you visually and emotionally. For many, it creates a visceral impact and that's a fact."
The symbol itself dates back to prehistoric times. The word "swastika" has Sanskrit roots and means "the mark of well-being." It has been used in prayers of the Rig Veda, the oldest of Hindu scriptures. In Buddhism, the symbol is known as "manji" and signifies the Buddha's footsteps. It is used to mark the location of Buddhist temples. In China it's called Wan, and denotes the universe or the manifestation and creativity of God. The swastika is carved into the Jains' emblem representing the four types of birth an embodied soul might attain until it is eventually liberated from the cycle of birth and death. In the Zoroastrian faith, it represents the four elements - water, fire, air and earth.
In India, the ubiquitous symbol can be seen on thresholds, drawn with vermillion and turmeric, and displayed on shop doors, vehicles, food packaging and at festivals or special occasions. Elsewhere, it has been found in the Roman catacombs, ruins in Greece and Iran, and in Ethiopian and Spanish churches.
Carbon-dated to 15,000 years ago
The swastika also was a Native American symbol used by many southwestern tribes, particularly the Navajo and Hopi. To the Navajo, it represented a whirling log, a sacred image used in healing rituals and sand paintings. Swastika motifs can be found in items carbon-dated to 15,000 years ago on display at the National Museum of the History of Ukraine as well as on artefacts recovered from the ruins of the ancient Indus Valley civilizations that flourished between 2600 and 1900 BC.
Vikas Jain, a Cleveland physician, said he and his wife hid images containing the symbol when their children's friends visited because "they wouldn't know the difference." Jain says he stands in solidarity with the Jewish community, but is sad that he cannot freely practice his Jain faith "because of this lack of understanding."
He noted that the global Jain emblem has a swastika in it, but the U.S. Jain community deliberately removed it from its seal. Jain wishes people would differentiate between their symbol of peace and Hitler's swastika just as they do with the hateful burning cross symbol and Christianity's sacred crucifix.
Before World War II, the name "Swastika" was so popular in North America it was used to mark numerous locations. Swastika Park, a housing subdivision in Miami, was created in 1917, and still has that name. In 2020, the hamlet of Swastika, nestled in the Adirondack Mountains in upstate New York, decided to keep its name after town councilors determined that it predated WWII and referred to the prosperity symbol.
Swastika Acres, the name of a Denver housing subdivision, can be traced to the Denver Swastika Land Company. It was founded in 1908, and changed its name to Old Cherry Hills in 2019 after a unanimous city council vote. In September, the town council in Puslinch, Ontario, voted to change the name of the street Swastika Trail to Holly Trail.
Names board is set to rename Mount Swastika as Mount Halo
Next month, the Oregon Geographic Names Board, which supervises the naming of geographic features within the state, is set to vote to rename Swastika Mountain, a 4,197-foot butte in the Umpqua National Forest. Kerry Tymchuk, executive director of the Oregon Historical Society, said although its name can only be found on a map, it made news in January when two stranded hikers were rescued from the mountain.
"A Eugene resident saw that news report and asked why on earth was this mountain called that in this day and age," said Tymchuk. He said the mountain got its name in the 1900s from a neighbouring ranch whose owner branded his cattle with the swastika.
Tymchuk said the names board is set to rename Mount Swastika as Mount Halo after Chief Halito, who led the Yoncalla Kalapuya tribe in the 1800s.
"Most people we've heard from associate it with Nazism," Tymchuk said.
The ADL explains the sanctity of the swastika in many faiths and cultures, and there are other lesser-known religious symbols that must be similarly contextualized, Pitcavage said. One is the Celtic cross - a traditional Christian symbol used for religious purposes and to symbolize Irish pride - which is used by a number of white supremacist and neo-Nazi groups.
Similarly, Thor's hammer is an important symbol for those who follow neo-Norse religions such as Asatru. But white supremacists have adopted it as well, often creating racist versions of the hammer by incorporating hate symbols such as Hitler's hakenkreuz.
"In the case of the swastika, Hitler polluted a symbol that was used innocuously in a variety of contexts," Pitcavage said. "Because that meaning has become so entrenched in the West, while I believe it is possible to create some awareness, I don't think that its association with the Nazis can be completely eliminated."
_ Associated Press religion coverage receives support through the AP's collaboration with The Conversation US, with funding from Lilly Endowment Inc. The AP is solely responsible for this content.