How to tell the difference between food allergy and food intolerance

Food allergy and intolerance may seem like similar conditions, but they are different and affect your health in distinct ways.

According to the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI), food allergies occur when the immune system mistakenly treats certain foods as harmful. This triggers a range of symptoms, such as skin rashes, stomach issues, or even difficulty breathing.

On the other hand, food intolerance usually happen in the digestive system, where the body struggles to break down certain foods properly. This is often due to enzyme deficiencies or sensitivity to chemicals in the food.

Globally, food allergies affect around two to five per cent of the population, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). The prevalence is rising, particularly in developed countries, where food allergens, such as peanuts, tree nuts, and shellfish are most common.

Food intolerance is more widespread, with estimates suggesting that up to 20 per cent of the global population may experience some form of food intolerance, especially to lactose and gluten.

In Kenya, the prevalence of food allergies, especially in children, is on the rise. Common allergens, include cow’s milk, eggs and peanuts. Although comprehensive national statistics are limited, experts believe that these conditions are under diagnosed, especially in rural areas.

The Kenya Pediatric Association (KPA) says food allergies are a leading cause of anaphylaxis in children, which requires hospital care in many cases. At the same time, food intolerance, such as lactose intolerance are common, affecting a large portion of the population. These conditions can lead to digestive discomfort, but with proper management, such as dietary changes or enzyme supplements symptoms can often be controlled.

A common food intolerance is lactose intolerance, where the body lacks the enzyme lactase to properly digest lactose, a sugar found in milk. People with lactose intolerance may manage symptoms by taking lactase supplements or avoiding dairy products. In contrast, those with food allergies must avoid the allergen completely, as even small amounts can trigger severe reactions.

Food allergies can develop at any age, though they are most often identified in childhood. Some people may outgrow allergies to foods, such as milk, eggs or wheat. Intolerance, however, tend to develop gradually and may worsen with age or digestive changes. Both conditions can mimic other health issues, so accurate diagnosis is key.

The ACAAI advises individuals suspecting allergies or intolerance to seek medical testing for proper diagnosis and management.

The key difference is that allergies involve the immune system, while intolerance involves digestion.