Brazil tries to avoid climate bust up at COP30 summit

Brazilian indigenous leader and environmentalist Chief Raoni attends the inauguration of the indigenous village as the Minister of Indigenous Peoples Sonia Guajajara delivers a speech at the COP30 UN Climate Change Conference in Belem, Para State, Brazil on November 11, 2025. [PABLO PORCIUNCULA / AFP]

COP30 hosts Brazil will seek to land a compromise on Wednesday as some nations seek to put ambitious climate action and financial obligations on the summit agenda -- flashpoints that have stalled past negotiations.

The United Nations summit narrowly avoided a so-called "agenda fight" at its Monday opening in Belem only because Brazil promised to hear these demands informally and broker an amenable solution.

Four divisive issues are being considered: trade, transparency and reporting measures, climate finance obligations, and efforts to slash heat-trapping pollution.

The latter two are the most sensitive, with rich countries unenthusiastic about reopening bitter fights over financial aid, and oil-producing giants against any focus on the role of fossil fuels in climate change.

Brazil is expected to reveal Wednesday whether it has been successful in finding a middle ground when it wraps up two days of backroom consultations in Belem.

The rotating hosts of these annual Conference of the Parties do not have decision-making power, but still play a crucial role in forging compromise.

Any decision at the COP summits must be reached by consensus among the 197 countries and the European Union that are members of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change.

One close observer of the consultations told AFP that a few countries were "still not on board" but the dialogue had been "clearly constructive."

There is a growing sense that Brazil could be warming to the idea of a "cover decision" -- an overarching text, delivered at the COP's close, that provides space for articulating a compromised stance.

One diplomat attending Belem's closed-door discussions expects a "slightly more innovative" format where the specific proposals in question are considered on their own.

Flashpoints

The most incendiary of the four comes from the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), which wants countries attending Belem to acknowledge their collective failure to keep global warming to safer levels.

Scientists say a temporary breach of 1.5 Celsius -- the lower limit of the Paris Climate Agreement's goal on global temperature rise -- is inevitable because nations have not cut planet-heating emissions fast enough to meet this target.

Other country blocs -- including the European Union and Latin American states -- support the push by AOSIS, whose members are some of the most threatened by rising seas.

Brazil's presidency had "finally found the courage to tackle this issue head-on," the diplomat told AFP.

This has agitated the Arab Group -- a collection of 22 nations including major petrostates -- which has criticised Brazil for opening this discussion, observers say.

The other major bone of contention is the provision by richer nations of financial support to help poorer ones cope with climate change.

The third issue concerns "unilateral" trade measures -- notably Europe's carbon border tax, which is fiercely opposed by China and India.

A fourth relates to an EU demand for greater transparency around how countries report key climate data.