Sepsis: The hidden danger of infections

Have you ever felt unwell, experiencing symptoms that suggest an illness, only to be told by your doctor that nothing serious is wrong?

You may feel uneasy, leading to more tests, but still no clear diagnosis. This unsettling scenario can happen when a common infection progresses to sepsis, a serious condition where the body’s immune response goes awry, attacking its own organs and resulting in severe complications.

Professor Sayed Karar, a Consultant Internal Medicine Specialist at Aga Khan University Hospital, explains, “Sepsis is a severe reaction to infection that can quickly become life-threatening if not recognised and treated promptly.”

Sepsis often starts with an infection, which is usually bacterial, but can also be viral or fungal. When this occurs, it triggers a strong immune response that causes inflammation throughout the body.

“Any type of infection can potentially lead to sepsis,” Professor Karar says, adding, “Common sources include infections of the lungs, urinary tract, abdomen or skin.”

Globally, sepsis is a major health issue, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where healthcare resources are limited. While exact statistics are hard to determine, millions of people are affected each year.

In Kenya, sepsis is often under-reported due to a lack of awareness and inadequate healthcare infrastructure.

The World Health Organization (WHO) highlights that patients with resistant pathogens face a higher risk of dying in hospitals.

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In 2019, an estimated 4.95 million deaths were linked to antimicrobial resistance, including 1.27 million deaths directly due to sepsis.

WHO also emphasises the urgent need for improved public awareness and healthcare responses to sepsis, particularly in LMICs, where timely and effective treatment is often lacking.

Early detection of sepsis can save lives. Key symptoms include fever, low blood pressure, rapid heart and breathing rates and signs of organ dysfunction, such as confusion or reduced urine output.

“The symptoms can progress quickly, so awareness is crucial,” warns Professor Karar. “Recognising these signs can help patients seek medical attention before it’s too late.”

The complications of sepsis can be severe, leading to multiple organ failure where vital organs like the kidneys, liver, and brain may not function properly.

“Sepsis can lead to devastating consequences, including death, if not treated swiftly,” Professor Karar cautions.

Timely treatment is essential for managing this disease. This includes giving intravenous fluids to restore blood pressure and improve circulation, as well as antibiotics to tackle the underlying infection.

“It’s not just about treating the infection; we must also support the patient’s other organs,” explains Professor Karar. Addressing electrolyte imbalances and any additional health issues is also crucial in the treatment process.

Preventing sepsis starts with proactive health measures. “The best prevention is early consultation with your primary care provider,” advises Professor Karar.

Avoiding unnecessary use of over-the-counter antibiotics can reduce the risk of antibiotic-resistant infections that can lead to sepsis. Good personal hygiene, a healthy diet, and avoiding contaminated water and unsanitary toilets are also important.

Sepsis is a silent killer that can strike quickly and without warning. Understanding its causes, recognising symptoms and seeking prompt medical help can significantly improve outcomes.

“Awareness and education are our best tools in the fight against sepsis.”