Health & Science

By Ryan Kerubo | Feb. 17, 2025

When we hear the term ‘yeast infection,’ most people immediately think of the female anatomy. It is commonly discussed in the context of vaginal infections, but what many do not realize is that men can also suffer from yeast infections.

Though less talked about, male yeast infections are a prevalent yet underdiagnosed health concern. This condition, caused by an overgrowth of the fungus candida, can affect the genitals, mouth and skin, leading to discomfort and complications if left untreated.

A male yeast infection is an overgrowth of the candida fungus in the genital area, leading to inflammation, irritation and other symptoms. Dr Vic Albert, a consultant urologist explains that yeast infection is a type of infection caused by certain fungi, but the one responsible for candidiasis is candida.

“It can occur anywhere, but common areas include the genitals, mouth (oral candidiasis) and skin,” Dr Albert says.

Globally, data on male yeast infections remain scarce since many cases go undiagnosed or are mistaken for other sexually transmitted infections.

From his practice, Dr Albert states that it is very common. Studies indicate that genital candidiasis is more frequently reported in HIV-positive patients, with prevalence rates ranging from 7-75 per cent.

According to the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), candida infections are among the most common fungal infections worldwide, with invasive candidiasis alone affecting over 25,000 people annually in the United States.

The World Health Organization (WHO) recognizes candida as a major public health concern, particularly among immunocompromised individuals, and highlights the need for improved diagnostic and treatment strategies.

In Kenya, male yeast infections are widespread but under reported. “Most cases are identified when women bring their male partners to the clinic,” Dr Albert shares. “It is one of the most common genital infections I encounter in practice.”

While male yeast infections can be sexually transmitted, they can also develop independently.

“Poor hygiene, weakened immunity and prolonged antibiotic use are significant factors,” Dr Albert notes.

Other common causes include uncontrolled diabetes, where high sugar levels create a suitable environment for yeast growth; obesity, as excess body folds can trap moisture, encouraging fungal overgrowth; tight-fitting clothing, which can cause excessive sweating and promote yeast development; and the use of antibiotics, which can disrupt the balance of normal bacteria that control yeast levels.

A male yeast infection presents various symptoms, some of which overlap with other conditions. “Common signs include a rash on the genitals, itchiness, discharge, pain during urination (dysuria) and pain during intercourse,” Dr Albert explains. “For some men, symptoms may not be noticeable at first, making it difficult to identify.”

Several factors increase the likelihood of developing a male yeast infection, including multiple sexual partners, poor personal hygiene, a compromised immune system due to conditions such as HIV/AIDS, cancer, or long-term steroid use and being uncircumcised, as the moist environment under the foreskin creates a breeding ground for yeast.

If left untreated, male yeast infections can lead to chronic ulcers, recurring infections and even potential fertility issues. “Men may not realise that recurrent infections can psychologically and physically affect their sexual health,” Dr Albert warns. “Additionally, untreated candidiasis can lead to urethral strictures, making urination difficult.”

Treatment options depend on the severity of the infection. “There are two main approaches,” Dr Albert explains. “We have topical anti-fungal creams, such as clotrimazole and miconazole and oral antifungal medications.” While over-the-counter antifungals may help, he advises seeing a doctor if symptoms persist beyond a week. “Some cases may be masking more severe conditions, such as penile cancer.” Both partners should be treated even if one partner is asymptomatic, treating both is crucial to prevent reinfection.

“Diagnosis follows a stepwise approach which starts with a clinical evaluation, followed by a physical examination and, if necessary, lab tests,” says Dr Albert.

These tests include wet mount microscopy, a simple test to detect yeast under a microscope; culture tests, which identify the specific strain of candida; and skin scraping, which examines the affected area for fungal overgrowth.

Dr Albert advises, “Men tend to avoid hospitals, but this is one condition that requires medical attention, if not for yourself, then for your partner. Recurrent yeast infections can cause emotional and physical distress for both parties.”

While male yeast infections are common, they are preventable and treatable. Maintaining good hygiene, seeking early medical intervention and ensuring both partners receive treatment can significantly reduce the burden of this condition.