I was born in Brakpan, Johannesburg, South Africa, and grew up in eSwatini (known then as Swaziland). People in these two countries share one predominant fear: Unemployment. Other worries in these countries and others in the region include unwanted pregnancies, low income and food safety. The diseases that are dreaded the most are cancer and diabetes. Feared infectious diseases include HIV-Aids, Covid and cholera.
Even though South Africa and eSwatini are among the more than two dozen African countries with a high burden of either tuberculosis (TB), drug-resistant TB or HIV/TB co-infections, TB is not feared in the same way, even though it is the disease that haunts my people the most.
So many people on the African continent are affected by TB, which hits the young and vibrant the hardest in our region and in the world. Eswatini joins the seven most populous sub-Saharan African countries - Ethiopia, DR Congo, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda and Tanzania - where TB hits the 25-34 and 35-44 age brackets especially hard.
It is not just the years of life that this disease takes away from us, but also the future leadership and economic productivity of our countries. I see this even within my own family, with one niece currently being treated for TB and another having survived drug-resistant TB a few years back.
World TB Day was marked on March 24. This is a day when we hear about ending TB by 2030 - even though it is a disease that has been with us forever. With only six years left, that goal seems too distant. To achieve the goal, we need better awareness, yes. But we also need Africans to be fully engaged with the rest of the world, in drug discovery and development research for TB.
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Most of the current TB drugs, like the drugs for most diseases that affect Africans, are developed by companies in high-income countries. We saw what that meant in the delayed rate at which lifesaving Covid vaccines reached African countries; the high-income countries that helped develop the vaccines received them much faster. This is why, for the Gates Medical Research Institute's trials testing investigational treatments or vaccine candidates, the relationships that we establish with the trial sites in Africa and elsewhere are meant to support those facilities when they eventually take the lead on future trials.
It is critical that African scientists tackle African problems, and the reasons extend beyond access. Local scientists have a better understanding of the social fabric and context threatened by diseases like TB; they understand which solutions could be adopted and embraced and which will remain on the shelf.
In September 2023, the United Nations held a high-level meeting where member states agreed to boost the amount of funding for TB research by a five-fold increase by 2027 - but no guidelines on geography were placed on this pledge. More than 90 per cent of current funding for TB R&D currently comes from North America and Europe, and most of those funds stay in the high-income countries. Of the high-burden countries, only India has an investment in the field large enough to be noted - at 1.9 per cent of the total global funding.
Funding specifically earmarked for TB (and antimicrobial resistance) research in Africa would ensure that more of it takes place on African soil. Funding is needed to build appropriately equipped research and production infrastructure, much like the new mRNA vaccine facility being built in Rwanda. Such facilities would be staffed with African scientists, who would get opportunities to expand their basic and applied research skills. The H3D Research Centre at the University of Cape Town, led by Dr Kelly Chibale, is one example of how successful African ingenuity can be, with four patents already filed.
Together with the much-needed funding from Africa's better-resourced foreign partners in high-income countries, African governments should incentivise African businesses, African foundations and charities, and high-net-worth Africans to build African Research Institutes to train, develop and employ African scientists. Developing medicines for diseases like TB that are killing African youths and stunting Africa's economic growth should be everyone's priority in Africa and the world.
It is important that such efforts are not tied to immediate profits, as this leads to disappointment and ends with dwindling funds for research. Drug discovery is a 'long and winding road' that begins with building talent and infrastructure and expanding the critical mass of well-trained drug developers. Investment in biomedical research should be for the sake of expanding biomedical knowledge and training young scientists; the discoveries and the profits will follow.
The timing couldn't be more appropriate than now as new futuristic technologies - including artificial intelligence, machine learning and high-speed connectivity - are entering the drug development arena. We can now see a point when the health profile and the life expectancy of people in Africa could be comparable to the rest of the world. Africa and the world should be guided by the belief that all lives have equal value and that health equality is ensured for everyone, on all continents.