Africa could benefit from lower prices by participating in the ongoing Covid-19 vaccine development efforts, experts have said.
There could also be cost trade-offs for countries taking part in vaccine trials because they are co-investors or partners in the projects, said Dr Borna Nyaoke-Anoke, manager, Clinical Trials at the Drugs for Neglected Diseases Initiative/Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership (DNDI/GARDP).
Dr Nyaoke-Anoke said countries that opted out of vaccine trials will likely buy them at higher prices once they are developed.
“It does not make economic sense for pharmaceutical firms in the north that includes Europe and America, to test and develop a vaccine in their home countries at very high costs and then sell it here at a price similar to the one in their home countries. It is even harder to expect them to give discounted rates on the vaccines to African countries,” she said.
Dr Nyaoke-Anoke said the reasons pharmaceuticals prefer Africa for medicine and vaccine trials are purely scientific and not racism.
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“Africa has the richest genetic variety and this makes it an ideal location for clinical trials involving vaccine and drug candidates. That will result in more effective medicines and vaccines for people from the region and beyond,” she said.
Dr Nyaoke-Anoke was speaking at a recent virtual pre-conference hosted by the Media for Environment, Science, Health and Agriculture (Mesha), and attended by experts and science journalists from Africa.
Prof Kenneth Ngure, a lecturer at Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT), said Africa has scientific and moral reasons to participate in vaccine trials, so that when the vaccines are discovered the findings can also be generalisable to African populations.
Doublespeak
Prof Ngure added that populations that participate in trials are usually the ones that are prioritised to receive the vaccines once they become available.
"We should avoid doublespeak. On the one hand, we do not want to participate in vaccine trials and on the other we are demanding to get the vaccines,” he said.
"Remember most of the vaccines and drugs that we use in Africa today had the trials conducted in the west, it is only recently that Africa is getting more requests to conduct these studies because it has built its human, regulatory and infrastructural capacity."
Dr Nyaoke-Anoke urged African countries to invest more in boosting research capacity in their labs as well as increasing the number of testing sites to attract interest from pharmaceutical firms developing vaccines and medications for various medical conditions.
She said not all medicines and vaccines developed in foreign countries were as effective for local populations, adding that the only way for African nations to overcome this was to take part in the research using local volunteers.
Data from the website www.clinicaltrials.org shows that there are 166 Covid-19 trials taking place in Africa, as compared to 710 in the United States alone, and 107 in Canada. South America has 162, China 60 and India 181.
Out of the 1,056 Covid-19 drug trials going on globally, DNDI indicates that Africa is the site for 56 trials. Uganda, Kenya and DRC are currently participating in trials for one drug each, as compared to Egypt with 36 trials, and South Africa with eight.
Dr Nyaoke-Anoke rooted for more funding for research efforts into medication and vaccines on the continent.
“There is a real and urgent need for governments and other stakeholders in the continent to increase funding for research so that they can benefit from credible data from such efforts on home soil. By becoming partners in the research, it will put them in a good position to access drugs and vaccines developed specifically for their populations’ genetic makeup,” said the researcher and academic.
Dr Nyaoke-Anoke said many of the Covid-19 trials currently taking place in Africa are too small to be conclusive.
“Covid-19 trials need to be large, well designed and adequately powered to generate authoritative, concrete evidence,” she said.
“Research to date has mainly been focused on advanced cases of the disease while Covid-19 cases in Africa have mainly been mild.”
Dr Nyaoke-Anoke said the trials should look into better ways to care for patients in view of the worryingly low levels of ICU and hospital bed capacity on the continent.
“Limited hospital and ICU bed capacity and exposure of health workers require urgent investigation. Well-conducted clinical trials are urgently needed to support guidelines on prevention and clinical management in resource poor settings,” she said.
According to Dr Vincent Muturi-Kioi, a medical director at the International Aids Vaccine Initiative (Iavi), different people respond differently to drugs and vaccines because of many factors, including human genetics and environmental exposures.
