Senator Mugo wrong about breast cancer risk from soya

Claim: Don’t touch soya foods as they’re very bad for breast cancer.

Source: Viral 2016 TV interview with Kenyan senator and cancer survivor Beth Mugo.

Verdict: Soya foods are healthy and could prevent cancer

• In a now-viral 2016 TV interview, Kenyan senator and cancer survivor Beth Mugo said her doctor had warned her not to touch soya foods as they were linked to cancer.
• Experts told Africa Check soya was healthy and could in fact help prevent cancer.
• But the risks of cancer from dietary supplements containing soya are still the subject of research.

The recent loss of three high profile figures, reportedly to cancer, has caused near wall-to-wall media coverage of the disease in Kenya.  

The deaths of Bob Collymore, CEO of Kenya’s biggest company Safaricom, governor Joyce Laboso and popular parliamentarian Kenneth Okoth have sparked debate – and even marches – on cancer treatment.

Local tycoon Chris Kirubi has also spoken publicly of his battle with cancer. Nairobi governor Mike Sonko has also weighed in.    

As the debate raged, a video of a 2016 Citizen TV interview with senator Beth Mugo circulated onFacebook, WhatsApp and other social media.

In the video, Mugo urged Kenyans to exercise more and watch their diet.

A former health minister and a cancer survivor, Mugo warned of a link between soya and cancer. She said her doctor was a top cancer specialist in the US and had advised her to eat certain food, such as steak, only in moderation. “But he said, ‘Don’t touch soya.’

“He told me soya for breast cancer is very bad, and he said don’t give even your little girls or anyone even the men in your family, don’t give them soya,” Mugo said.  

“And now thinking back, I took soya milk for maybe five, six, seven years. It could have been the source of my breast cancer.” She said she was now back to drinking cow’s milk and wanted to pass this information to women.

Is there a direct link between soya and breast cancer?

No luck contacting senator

For weeks we unsuccessfully tried to contact Mugo about her claim, including through her senate media team and her cancer foundation, launched in 2016. We will update this report should we hear back from her.

World Health Organization data from May 2019 shows that 5,985 of the 47,887 estimated cancer cases in Kenya in 2018 were those of the breast. Breast cancer was the most common kind of cancer among Kenyan women.

Kenya has a population of 47.8 million. 

Of the 32,987 estimated cancer deaths in 2018, breast cancer accounted for 2,553 cases. It was the third highest killer after cancers of the oesophagus and cervix.

Soya beans (also known as soy in the US) are in fact a type of legume native to eastern Asia. Here they are mainly eaten whole, but in western countries they are more often processed. Soya foods include soya milk, soya sauce and soya oil. 

‘No significant scientific backing’

Without more evidence for the claim from the senator we reached out to experts in oncology (cancer treatment) and nutrition.

“This is an alarming statement with no significant scientific backing,” Dr Catherine Nyongesa, an oncologist and the CEO of the Nairobi-based Texas Cancer Centre, told Africa Check. “Soya is safe.”

The main risk factors for breast cancer, she said, were growing older, being a woman, obesity, genetics, early menarche (first menstrual cycle), late menopause and nulliparity – or having never had a pregnancy last more than 20 weeks.

Study finds no increased breast cancer risk 

Dr Christine Taljaard-Krugell and Inarie Jacobs are nutrition experts at the North-West University in South Africa. They were part of the team who conducted the South African Breast Cancer Study. Published in March 2019, it sought to examine any link between diet and breast cancer risk in black South African women.

In a research brief provided to Africa Check, they said “there is no strong evidence in human studies that suggest an increased risk between soy consumption and breast cancer in pre- or postmenopausal women”.

Soya foods actually prevent breast cancer

Soya foods could actually have the opposite effect on cancer. Dr Zora Djuric is a professor at theUniversity of Michigan medical department of family medicine.  She studies the role of nutrition in cancer prevention. 

“In general, soy foods are healthful and can even be cancer-preventive, as many studies have shown,” Djuric told Africa Check.

In a 2017 editorial in the journal Cancer, Prof Omer Kucuk, of Emory University Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology and the Winship Cancer Institute in Atlanta, Georgia, US, came to the same conclusion. 

Soya had been in the Asian diet for thousands of years and soya foods “are among the healthiest for human consumption”, Kucuk wrote.  

“We now have evidence that soy foods not only prevent breast cancer but also benefit women who have breast cancer. Therefore, we can recommend women to consume soy foods because of soy’s many health benefits.”

Africa Check asked Kucuk if there had been further findings since he wrote the piece.

“The information in the editorial is still valid,” he told us. “Soy foods are safe and prevent breast cancer and other cancers.” 

Jury still out on supplements made from soya

Mugo would have been on slightly firmer ground had she focused on supplements from soya.

Credible online health publications such as Healthline, WebMD and Mayo Clinic say that while soya foods are healthy, concerns have been raised about the breast cancer risk posed by soya supplements. The risk has also been reported by scientists.

Soya beans contain a substance called isoflavones. These are a class of phyto-oestrogens, or plant-based compounds that imitate oestrogen, the female sex hormone. Research has shown that oestrogen is one of the factors linked to breast cancer.

But a 2004 WHO review of published studies on nutrition and cancer found “inconsistent” results in studies of the risks phyto-oestrogens posed in the development of breast cancer.

Africa Check reached out to Dr Tim Key, the lead author of the review paper. Key is currently a professor of epidemiology who studies the role of diet in cancer, including breast cancer, at Oxford University’s Cancer Epidemiology Unit.

“I am not aware of any substantial evidence that there is any adverse effect of soya food consumption in women, but if high dose supplements were taken then this would be a theoretical possibility,” Key told Africa Check.

Soya foods were healthy, Dr Zora Djuric, a professor at the University of Michigan medicaldepartment of family medicine, told Africa Check. But “the danger is that individuals use this information to take purified supplements in which case the dose of soy isoflavone compounds could be very high”.

“The basic toxicological principle is that the dose distinguishes a cure from a poison. This principle holds for many food components. When using whole foods such as tofu and soybeans, it is much more difficult to consume too much versus taking capsules of extracts or synthetic compounds,” Djuric said. 

Dr Catherine Nyongesa, an oncologist and the CEO of the Nairobi-based Texas Cancer Centre, told Africa Check that more research was needed due to the “conflicting reports about the risk of isoflavones”.

Conclusion: Soya foods are safe and even have anti-cancer benefits

“Don’t touch soya” because it’s linked to cancer, a Kenyan senator and cancer survivor warned in a 2016 TV interview that went viral in 2019 after the reported loss of three high profile figures to the disease. 

But experts told Africa Check that eating and drinking soya foods was healthy and could even prevent breast cancer. 

There are some concerns about the risk of breast cancer from supplements made from soya, but more research is needed, they said.

In the public debate about cancer treatment in Kenya, accurate information is important.

This report was written by Africa Check, a non-partisan fact-checking organisation. View the original piece on their website