The rising trend of sending children as young as seven to boarding schools has sparked heated debate.
While some see it as a practical solution for education and childcare, experts warn of significant emotional and psychological risks for young learners.
The debate has been heightened by a recent Ministry of Education to close boarding facilities in some private schools for failure to comply with safety regulations.
The intense academic pressures of Kenya’s former 8-4-4 system, especially the high-stakes Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) exams, drove many primary schools to establish boarding facilities for Standard Seven and Eight students.
"For real, most private schools force parents to enrol their children in boarding once they reach the last classes. This was to create enough time between the students and teachers," said a parent in Nairobi.
This trend has since extended to younger children, with some schools introducing boarding programs for nursery-age students.
Caroline Imbogo, director of Malava’s Jilca Junior Academy, which offers boarding for young children, said that for many parents, especially those struggling with work commitments, sending children to boarding school has seemed like the most practical solution.
"We didn’t expect it to catch on, but parents begged us to admit their children. For some, it’s seen as an opportunity to provide a strong educational foundation, especially for those lacking parental support at home," she said, a sentiment echoed by Joclyine Kimani, a saleslady who said her demanding work schedules, boarding schools are a lifeline.
"I’m often away for work, and I can’t rely on house help anymore. Boarding school gives me peace of mind, knowing my daughter is cared for while getting a good education," said Kimani.
The story reflects a broader rising demand for early boarding school experiences.
Linda Awinja, who joined boarding school at the age of 10 after her parents separated, recalls how difficult it was to adjust.
"Coming from a home with domestic help and a driver, I was completely thrown off balance. But boarding taught me responsibility, and for the first time, I learned how to do my own laundry," says Awinja.
While Awinja’s story is one of adaptation and growth, experts warn that not all children can handle such transitions.
Dr. Gladys Libese, a clinical psychologist, said child development specialists have raised concerns about the impact of early boarding on children’s emotional and psychological health.
"Children under seven need a secure, loving environment to develop trust. Even between ages eight and twelve, parental guidance is crucial. Boarding schools should only complement—not replace—the role of parents," she said.
Dr. Libese emphasized the importance of maintaining emotional connections, recommending regular visits and communication.
"Boarding schools can foster independence and lifelong friendships, but they must provide a nurturing environment for both academic and emotional growth," she added.
Sociologist Dr. Francis Amboka warned of long-term effects on children sent to boarding schools too early.
"Bonding begins within the family. When children are sent away too young, they may experience feelings of abandonment, leading to low self-esteem and emotional struggles," he said.
Therapist Dennis Amukambwa highlighted the psychological toll of early separation.
"Children under 13 may struggle with the absence of their parents. They might develop a distorted sense of self-worth based solely on academic performance, leading to anxiety and burnout," he said.
However, not all parents feel comfortable with the arrangement. Jane Otieno, a teacher, regretted enrolling her son in boarding school at age 10.
"I realized he was too young to cope with life in a boarding school. There were lessons I should have taught him at home before exposing him to that environment," she said.
Education Principal Secretary Belio Kipsang announced plans in 2022 to phase out boarding facilities for children in Grades 1 to 9, emphasizing family-based upbringing.
"We must ensure our children are raised by their families, not outsourced to boarding schools," he said, calling for the establishment of more day schools.
However, then Education Cabinet Secretary Ezekiel Machogu reverted the decision saying the government doesn't have plans to run down boarding schools.
“We have such areas in ASAL where parents are nomadic, closing boarding schools will deny students’ opportunity to schooling,” he said.
Prof. John Shiundu of Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology echoed this sentiment.
"No child should be separated from their parents during crucial years of emotional and developmental growth," he said.
Silas Obuhatsa, Chair of the National Parents Association blamed the inadequate number of public schools to cater to the growing population to the problem.
"Boarding schools promise quality education, but too often they fail to deliver on the broader needs of childhood development. The family remains a child’s first and most important school," said Obuhatsa.
Kenya’s boarding schools have recently faced scrutiny over incidents of unrest, including over 100 school fires in 2024.
Education Cabinet Secretary Julius Ogamba linked these tragedies to strained relationships between young students and school administrators.
"When we send children away too early, we deprive them of the emotional foundation they need. This lack of connection fosters rebellion," said Ogamba.
