One of the great things about America is that if you don't like the government, you have the right to speak out against it. Since President Donald Trump took office in January, ordinary citizens have been voicing dissent on the internet and in the streets.
Recently, an extraordinary request from the Department of Justice (DOJ) threatened to make people increasingly afraid to exercise that right. The DOJ tried to compel an internet hosting company, DreamHost, to hand over information about everyone who visited disruptj20.org, a DreamHost customer web site that helped organize Trump inauguration protests. DreamHost fought back, arguing that complying with the request would require handing over 1.3 million IP addresses, as well as contact information, content of emails, and photographs of thousands of people.
First Amendment under attack?
While the Trump inauguration protests were largely peaceful, some protestors were violent and destructive. But the DOJ request was not limited to rioters. It could also affect people who casually visited a protest web site, perhaps simply to learn more about what was happening.
On Tuesday, DreamHost wrote that the DOJ modified its request to exclude unpublished media, HTTP access and error logs. Visitors' IP addresses would be largely safe, the company said. (The government, for its part, said it "values and respects the First Amendment right of all Americans" and that its original warrant was focused on evidence about "a premeditated riot.") DreamHost called the development "a huge win for internet privacy," but also noted that the fight is not over.
Why was the original DOJ request so alarming? Mark Rumold, an attorney for the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), which is working with DreamHost on the case, said that this kind of information seizure usually would be limited to a site dedicated to criminal activity, like child pornography or drug sales.
What was unusual about the DreamHost case, Rumold said in an email, is that the targeted website is not dedicated to a criminal enterprise, "but to engaging in the core of what the First Amendment is designed to protect: associating, communicating, learning and engaging with like-minded political protesters and in organizing protests and dissent."
DreamHost challenged the DOJ on the constitutionality of its warrant. In a blog post called "We Fight for the Users," DreamHost explained that law enforcement regularly approaches the company to ask for information about customers who might be the target of criminal investigations.
But the DOJ went too far. DreamHost was protesting because, it wrote, "Internet users have a reasonable expectation that they will not get swept up in criminal investigations simply by exercising their right to political speech against the government."
In making this overly broad request, the DOJ took a page from the playbook of authoritarian governments. It may seem far-fetched to compare the United States to China, for example, where political protest sites aren't even be allowed to exist. But blocking Web sites is only one way to crack down on dissent. Authoritarian governments use the threat of surveillance - and possible subsequent legal action - to create an atmosphere of fear and caution.
Expressing your viewpoint or organizing for activism online is a good way to get on the official radar. Sometimes, it's just not worth the trouble. Citizens' self-censorship helps authoritarian governments keep the Web in check.
Self-censorship may not appear to be much of an issue in the United States, where a brief glance at Twitter will expose you to a flood of anti-Trump commentary. Street protests are popping up regularly, with the help of social media. Americans don't seem particularly afraid of expressing themselves, or of mobilizing for action. But that could change.
divided country
America is very divided and the atmosphere is tense. If protests were to escalate, it's not hard to imagine the Trump administration putting more pressure on internet companies to reveal information about people associated with demonstrations.
Political activists are not likely to be deterred by such information requests, even if they were overly broad. But ordinary citizens, those that don't consider themselves "dissidents," might balk. The internet is where all kinds of people come together to express grievances and coordinate action.
How many Americans would think twice about visiting a protest site if they knew that the hosting company might have to hand over information about them? Would people still want to express their views on social media if it meant exposing themselves to a potential investigation? Complaining won't solve anything anyway, they might figure, so it's not worth the risk.
Ms Parker is a former staff writer for The Wall Street Journal and policy advisor in the US State Department
