The Nairobi National Park is the only park on earth bordering a capital city. On the afternoon of December 16, 2016, it was celebrating 70 years of existence and the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) threw an evening party in the park to commemorate the event.
The small gathering comprised conservationists, friends of Nairobi National Park, assorted Kenyans who earn a living in the wildlife industry and uniformed KWS staffers who appeared to be attending more out of protocol than choice. There was an air of resignation about the place. Out at the Impala observation point, a panoramic view of open savanna grassland, guests mingled awaiting the arrival of dignitaries as the catering unit from the Ole Sereni Hotel hurried about setting up.
The Impala viewpoint offers a compelling sight and I trained my eyes, trying to spot some wildlife. A few KWS staffers who were gathered all seemed to be taking a good long look into the horizon. One wildlife photographer captured the sentiment with a nostalgic comment, “This used to be the place to take the best pictures. Now instead of shooting animals, we will be shooting the SGR”.
Transforming KWS
The ceremony was running late and I bumped into former KWS director Julius Kipng’etich, now the Uchumi CEO, in the parking lot. Kipng’etich (Kip) was the poster child of Kenyan conservation during his tenure from 2005 to 2012. Kip was credited with transforming KWS from a malfunctioning organisation into a respected corporate brand. During my stint as the editor of the now defunct Adam magazine, we had Kipng’etich on the cover.
There was a vibrancy to Kip in the midst of the lethargy in public service that we had not witnessed previously. But what made him material for a cover story was the refreshing face of a competent African, getting the conservation accolades for a change. I was in attendance when he unveiled a heroes statue in memory of KWS officers who had died on the frontier.
The KWS was on the move then. Today, not so much. Kipng’etich was in a reflective mood when I asked him about the anniversary celebrations. “It feels like we are attending a funeral”.
I was the guest of Jim Justus Nyamu, founder of the Elephant Neighbours Centre, who had become the face of a campaign dubbed “Ivory belongs To Elephants”.
Nyamu was a former KWS elephant scientist and researcher whose primary job was reduced to counting elephants and tracking their movement. He eventually resigned to start his own organisation, once he realised the limitation of the existing conservation model. The big beasts that had for centuries roamed the country on dedicated paths were now in constant conflict with ordinary rural folk. The narrative of protecting elephants for tourist dollars was not persuasive among local people suffering loss of property and lives after encounters with elephants.
There was a big disconnect with the reality of public in understanding the value of wildlife conservation but conservation could not be left solely in the hands of the ‘experts’. People had to get involved. About 70 per cent of the Kenya’s wildlife lie outside KWS parks and the service is stretched in capacity and resource. Jim was seeking to create a different model around the problem.
“The people who can make a real difference are the communities but no one is talking to them, especially the children. They are the only ones who still have time to make a difference,” he said.
So he decided to walk and talk to local people, urging them to take ownership of their wildlife heritage and have a say. Jim has so far covered over 9,000km in Kenya, in addition to an epic 3,200km-foot journey across East Africa.
When I last met him, in early April, it was at the flag-off of his 13th walk to Marsabit at the National Museums of Kenya headquarters in Nairobi. The Museum was the home to the iconic Ahmed of Marsabit, a living monument and the only elephant to be put under protection by a presidential decree. In 1970, President Jomo Kenyatta ordered State security to protect this giant beast against poachers. Ahmed died at the age of 65 four years later. A giant fiberglass cast of Ahmed is on display at the National Museums.
Moments before the flag-off, I had walked into a bookshop at the Museum in search of a book that had caused a stir in the conservation world. It was a thought provoking book co-authored by John Mbaria and Dr Mordecai Ogada titled The Big Conservation Lie.
The book challenges the western paradigms and values that had dominated the management and conservation model since Kenya was declared a British colony. I had heard of John Mbaria by reputation. He was an investigative journalist who had earned his strips as a fury critic of the ‘mzungu’ conservation model and a staunch advocate of a return to an indigenous inspired model.
I had met his co-author Mordecai Ogada during a panel session at British Institute of Eastern Africa, where he presented a very compelling account of the racial tainted difference between a bush meat hunter and a sports hunter. The man who hunts for his food is ‘bad’ while the other who hunts for trophies is ‘good’. Ogada was a carnivore ecologist and a big advocate of community based conservation.
The book is a page turner and revolves around a central argument of historic racial prejudices in the Kenyan conservation industry, which alienate indigenous people as important partners in conservation. It goes on an investigative discourse of Kenya’s conservation legacy, showing how the inherited conservation model was intertwined with colonial power structures.
“Many modern wildlife parks were initially hunting grounds and created for recreation for the settler communities”. The establishment of national parks was a form of land grab that disregarded the local communities ancestral claim to the land.
Mbaria and Ogada confront the conservation crisis head-on. They question the unholy alliance of wildlife conservation NGOs and Western funding streams pushing the paradigm that states that resident local communities must earn money from wildlife as motivation for conservation. Mbaria poignantly asks, “How did wildlife survive for millennia in Kenya rangelands together with people who never earned anything from it?”
They poke large holes into the legacies of conservation stalwarts, Richard Leakey, George Adamson, Douglas-Hamilton, Dr Daphne Sheldrick and Ian Craig. They accuse single species focused organisations earning substantial incomes as engaging in tourism under the guise of conservation activities.
Poaching ring
Dr Ogada was frank when I asked him about his motivation for writing the book. “I think it is when I realised that because of the colour of my skin, I was not likely to ever be acknowledged as a significant contributor to our conservation discourse in Kenya.”
Some of Dr Ogada’s inspirations were the late Samson ole Sisina, the KWS officer killed by Tom Cholmondeley, and Elizabeth Leitoro who used to work for KWS and busted a poaching ring east of Nairobi National Park that used to supply game meat to high-end city restaurants. Mbaria said KWS has some of the best scientists who no one outside the industry ever gets to hear about.
Mbaria and Ogada are keen to start a national conversation. “Our mission is not an avenue for accolades but for our survival. It is a national security issue,” stresses Mbaria. “The big problem with our conservation model is that it is alien, not inspired by traditional culture”.
Hopefully, there is a quiet uprising of Kenyans moving from the back of the bus to their rightful place as leaders in conservation. It seems clear in the minds of all these men I have encountered that Kenyans can no longer be bystanders, outsourcing conservation knowledge.
